孕婦的生理和心理變化

Introduction

Pregnancy can be roughly divided into three stages based on physiological changes: early pregnancy (0-3 months), mid-pregnancy (4-6 months), and late pregnancy (7-9 months). The health goals at this time are to reduce physical discomfort associated with pregnancy and to ensure adequate nutrition for the developing baby. In addition to the physiological changes, expectant mothers also need to adjust psychologically and pay attention to maintaining a healthy weight gain.

The main physiological change during pregnancy is weight gain, which is approximately 11-13 kg throughout the entire pregnancy. Weight gain is slower in the first trimester (early pregnancy), with a total increase of about 1-2 kg. In the second and third trimesters, weight gain is about 5 kg each, averaging about 0.45 kg per week, or starting in the second trimester, with a monthly weight gain of at least 1 kg and no more than 3 kg.

– in early pregnancy (0-3 months, 0-12 weeks)

Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, slight vaginal bleeding, frequent urination, drowsiness.

Nausea and vomiting are related to hormones. Morning sickness is usually most severe between 5 and 12 weeks of pregnancy, and it usually occurs in the morning and evening. It is recommended to eat small, frequent meals, keep the diet light, and avoid consuming oily or spicy foods. Also, do not drink soup or water immediately after meals. If you vomit more than ten times a day and notice a decrease in weight and urine output, please consult a doctor.

During the first trimester of pregnancy, mothers often experience light bleeding due to the thickening of the uterine lining causing some tissue to shed. If the bleeding is spotting or a small amount of brownish discharge, you can continue to observe. However, if the bleeding increases or becomes bright red, please seek medical attention immediately.

Frequent urination is common in early pregnancy due to increased progesterone levels and blood flow. During this time, avoid holding your urine or withholding water. Also, the increased hormone production in early pregnancy can cause drowsiness and fatigue; it's recommended to get plenty of rest.

Mid-pregnancy – (1 TP 1 TT) 4-6 months (13-24 weeks)

Symptoms: Increased secretions, constipation, dizziness, headache, and back pain.

During the second trimester, increased progesterone secretion leads to increased vaginal discharge. Increased progesterone also slows intestinal motility, promoting water absorption in the large intestine, which can cause constipation. Increased prostaglandin secretion causes vasoconstriction, which may lead to dizziness and headaches in some pregnant women. As the pregnancy progresses and the belly grows larger, the pressure on the lumbar spine increases, causing tension and inflammation in the lower back muscles. During this period, it is recommended that pregnant women use cushions frequently to relieve pressure.

In the late stages of pregnancy, use 1 TP and 1 T (triglycerides) for 7-10 months (25-40 weeks).

Symptoms include: hardening of the abdomen, softening of the breasts, secretion of milk, increased abdominal weight, varicose veins, and hemorrhoids.

During this period, weight will continue to increase until delivery. The abdomen will feel firm to the touch, but the breasts will become soft and milk may begin to be secreted. At this time, the abdomen will grow rapidly as the baby grows, and leg cramps and mild ankle edema are common.

Around 33 weeks, you should have gained 10 to 13 kilograms. The fundus of the uterus will be 12-13 centimeters above the navel. At this time, discomfort caused by the expanding uterus will become more pronounced, such as nausea, chest tightness, palpitations, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. As the baby's head gradually descends, these discomforts will gradually improve.

After 35 weeks, the fetus has descended and its position is fixed. At this time, the abdominal wall and uterine wall become thinner, and the baby's elbows, feet, and head may sometimes be clearly visible through your abdomen. This stage often involves fatigue, back pain, and pelvic discomfort.

Around 40 weeks, the cervix and vagina become softer, preparing for childbirth. During this stage, irregular contractions, swelling, varicose veins, and more pronounced hemorrhoids may occur.

Psychological changes during pregnancy

First trimester (before 12 weeks of pregnancy)

At the same time, the pregnancy feels very unreal. Even if it is planned, there will still be conflicting feelings, a mix of joy and worry.

Second pregnancy (weeks 12-28)

When fetal movement is detected, one begins to feel the existence of the fetus as a real individual, experiencing excitement and accepting the fact of pregnancy. Physically and psychologically, a sense of "mother and child as one" gradually forms between mother and child, and prenatal education begins to be emphasized, with life's focus and conversations centered on the fetus.

Third trimester (weeks 28-40 of pregnancy)

Due to weight gain causing mobility issues, and concerns about the pain and risks of childbirth, the focus of attention will be on preparing for labor.

Need nutrition

The goal for expectant mothers to gain weight is to reach their ideal weight.

(1) Ideal weight for women: (height - 70) × 0.6

(2) Low: 90% below the standard weight.

(3) High: 135% higher than the standard weight

1. Early pregnancy (first to third month): This is the period of fetal cell differentiation. The fetus does not require a lot of nutrition. If the pregnant woman consumes too many calories, it will only increase her own weight. During this period, the pregnant woman's weight gain should be limited to 1-3 kg. At this time, the most important thing is to consume enough green vegetables and fruits to supplement adequate nutrition.folate及defend his lifeGroup B cells do not require special supplementation.

2. Mid-pregnancy (fourth to sixth month): The embryo develops rapidly, requiring sufficient protein and calcium intake. During this period, pregnant women may experience a sudden increase in appetite, morning sickness may subside, and some may gain weight rapidly. Weight gain should be carefully controlled, with a limit of 3-6 kg.

3. Late Pregnancy (Seventh to Ninth Month): In addition to iron supplementation, you can supplement with Vitamin A, such as by eating yellow fruits and vegetables like mangoes and pumpkins, to help the baby's skin and bone development. It is recommended that weight gain during this stage not exceed 7 kg.

Nutrition	Vitamin D, Vitamin E, B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12), folic acid, calcium, iron, and fiber.
Health Goals	Reduce pregnancy discomfort and lay the foundation for baby's development
food	Dark green vegetables, eggs, beans, salmon, sweet potatoes, whole grains, walnuts, yogurt, lean meat, and multicolored vegetables.