新生兒 (0歲-1歲)健康目標與營養需求全面分析

Introduction

0-1 year oldBabies areDuring this period of most rapid development, physiological development can be divided into gross motor skills and fine motor skills. At this time, breast milk is the best source of nutrition. It is recommended to introduce complementary foods between 4-6 months, focusing on calorie intake and the three major nutrients, along with sufficient vitamins, minerals, and fiber. According to Freudian theory, neonatal development at this stage is primarily in the oral stage. According to Ericksonian psychosocial development theory, the personality traits developing in babies at this time are trust and mistrust.

Physiological behavior

Finally, a reminder to all parents: every baby develops differently, and the pace of development varies. There's no need to panic if your child doesn't meet the developmental milestones for a particular motor skill at a certain age. Unless your child's development is significantly delayed, please consult a doctor for professional assistance.

Psychological behavior

In terms of emotional regulation and interpersonal interaction, infants will gradually develop the ability to smile at people, open their mouths to indicate they want more food when fed, or point to what they want. Infants will express their different emotions and needs through sounds and facial expressions. These developmental milestones might include: at 1 month, staring at faces; at 2 months, being able to laugh when amused; at 3 months, possibly laughing on their own; at 4-5 months, recognizing strangers and giving their mother a friendly smile; at 6 months, feeding themselves or indicating a need for food; at 7-8 months, smiling at their reflection in a mirror; at 9-10 months, reaching for a toy they're playing with, which the child will hand over. They may also show fear of strangers. At 12 months, they can point to what they want. Around six months old, infants begin to attach themselves to those closest to them. If parents are unaware of the psychological activities of infants and toddlers and act without restraint, it can negatively impact the child's development. For example, arguing loudly in front of a child, even though they don't understand why their parents are arguing or what they are saying, can cause them anxiety and unease due to the hatred, hostility, or indifference in their environment. Freud's developmental theory Freud's developmental theory emphasizes that each person develops an id (basic needs such as food and sex). The ego (the fusion of the id and superego) and the superego (the moral and ideal self). The period from 0-1 years old is known as the oral stage, during which satisfaction is primarily derived from oral desires, which is why newborns like to put everything they can grab into their mouths. The so-called oral personality in adults may stem from unsuccessful development during this oral stage. Behavioral traits such as overeating, alcoholism, smoking, and nail-biting, and even personality traits like pessimism, dependency, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, are considered characteristics of the oral personality. Ericksonian Development Theory If caregivers can meet a baby's physical and emotional needs, and the baby feels comforted and responded to when crying, and the caregiver is appropriate to provide food and warmth, the child can develop a sense of security in the caregiver's presence, and thus develop trust. Otherwise, the child is prone to distrust of the outside world and interpersonal relationships. Health Goals and Nutritional Needs babyThe primary developmental goal in the first year is to establish a strong and secure attachment relationship with caregivers and further develop self-coordination, a process known as interactive affect regulation. From 25 weeks of gestation to two years after birth, the brain grows rapidly, especially the right hemisphere. This expansion is directly influenced by the richness of the early environment and experiences of social interaction. The emotional experiences an infant gains through sound, images, and pictures constitute their early learning experiences and are stored in their right hemisphere. Nutritional needs should be monitored for deficiencies in folic acid, iron, zinc, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, E, B complex, and niacin.

Nutrition	Calories, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins A, C, E, niacin, B vitamins, folic acid, iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium

Health Goals	Balanced neurological, physiological, and psychological development

food	Breast milk, infant formula, and mashed complementary foods (introduced after 4 months). Complementary foods: 5-9 months: 4 tablespoons of rice cereal, wheat cereal, or porridge (5-7 months); 8-12 tablespoons (8-9 months); 1-2 tablespoons of vegetable puree; 1-2 tablespoons of fruit puree or juice; 0.5-1 serving of egg yolk (6 months and older); 10-12 months.baby12-16 tablespoons of rice cereal, wheat cereal, or porridge; 2-4 tablespoons of chopped vegetables; 2-4 tablespoons of chopped fruit or fruit juice; 1-1.5 grams of high-quality protein.