幼兒期 (3-6歲)一生中身心發展最快速的時期

Introduction

The period from 3 to 6 years old is the most rapid period of physical and mental development in a person's life. Children make great progress in their physical, cognitive, language, social and emotional, and self-care abilities during this period, which is the golden age of development.

During this stage, toddlers gradually develop from gross motor skills to fine motor skills, and may learn to dress themselves and use tools such as scissors. Psychologically, according to Freudian psychology, they are developing into the phallic stage; according to Ericksonian psychosocial development theory, they are developing ambition and guilt. At this time, the balance between the id and superego, which has a lifelong impact, is also a key focus of development.

The health goals for toddlers at this stage are to establish healthy eating and lifestyle patterns to ensure smooth physical and psychological development. The necessary nutrients include the calories and vitamins required for growth and development, especially folic acid, which is beneficial for brain and nervous system development, as well as calcium and vitamin D, which are related to bone development, and iron and protein, which affect red blood cell production. Since toddlers have small appetites but high calorie needs, they should eat small, frequent meals, with increased snack time, and their diets should be balanced, varied, and diverse.

【Physiological behavior】

3-4 year old action

- Can use both hands and feet simultaneously, can stand on one leg, run on tiptoe, go downstairs by themselves, and can wipe themselves after defecating at age 4. Can take off their shirt and put on their socks by themselves.

Recommendation: This is a good time to establish good eating habits.

4-5 year old action

-Can dribble, catch, and put on their own shirt.

Suggestion: Train by helping with simple housework; it's both a game and exercise.

Actions for 5-6 year olds

-Can tie shoelaces and draw detailed pictures.

Suggestion: Use drawing paper, colored paper, clay, and colored pencils for children to create.

【Psychological behavior】

A child's temperament at age three can predict their psychological and behavioral characteristics in old age.

Freud's developmental theory

The phallic stage, 3-6 years old, is an exciting and restless period; the genitals are...childThe primary source of happiness and satisfaction. Boys develop an Oedipus complex and castration anxiety, thus striving to imitate their fathers and identify with them; girls develop an Oedipus complex and phallus envy.

Ericksonian Development Theory

Development Task: Ambition or Guilt

ifchildBeing able to freely choose meaningful activities fosters a positive self-concept. Conversely, not being allowed to make decisions can lead to a sense of guilt about creativity. Such individuals may later tend to let others make choices for them.

The ages of 3 to 6 are a crucial period for developing a balance between the id and superego, learning to accept emotions and obey rules, and achieving equilibrium between the two. In parenting, it is advisable to first understand and accept the child's impulses or emotions, and then gradually explain to them that their emotions are not disobedient, but rather that they are controllable.

Children with an overactive "id" are easily controlled by instinctual desires, while those with an overactive and inflexible "superego" are prone to becoming "police officers," "moralists," or "overly perfectionistic" or "righteous freaks." A healthy ego function involves first empathizing with the "id," and then establishing behavioral standards for the "superego" based on the child's abilities.

If a child cries in the street because they want something, first understand their emotions. Say, "Mommy knows you really want it." "Let's go look at other places first, and if you still want it later, we can come back and look, okay?" Then encourage their self-control. "You're not crying and making a fuss in the street anymore, that's great!" Gradually help the child learn to replace crying with talking and to express themselves rationally.

Health GoalsWith required nutrients

Required nutrients	Calcium, Vitamin D, High-quality protein, Folic acid, Vitamin B1, Iron, Vitamins A, C, and E, Dietary fiber

Health Goals	Growth, development of nerve cells and tissues, heme and red blood cell production, vision and bone development, repair of red blood cells, DNA, and bones, metabolism, prevention of beriberi, constipation, and improvement of autism-related disorders.

food	Dairy products, dried small fish, large bones, lean meat, dark green vegetables, assorted vegetables, sweet potatoes, brown rice, beans, offal, fruits, eggs, and fish.