Toddler Development (1-3 years old) From Trust to Self-Independence

Introduction

"Sensory movement" is for children aged 0 to 3 years old.It is an indispensable element for learning; especially if the gross and fine motor skills are well developed, all future abilities can be laid on a solid foundation, which is absolutely "good" for the child's brain development. However, development is only a reference, and parents do not need to be too anxious. Only when there is a very obvious developmental delay does it require an evaluation by a doctor or other professional. The following introduces the physiological, psychosocial development of toddlers aged XNUMX-XNUMX years old. According to Freud's development theory, children at this stage develop to the anal stage. According to Erickson's development theory, children at this stage develop from trust to autonomy and independence. The health goal of the population at this stage is to balance the development of various aspects, which requires enough calories and various nutrients.

Physiological behavior

Psychological behavior

Children between 1 and 2 years old are in the "presocial stage". They do not hide their emotions and show their happiness and unhappiness. From the age of 2, children begin to develop more complex "derivative emotions", such as pride, embarrassment, guilt, and shyness, which are strengthened through interaction with their parents, family members, and siblings.

For example, if you teach a 2-year-old to go to the toilet, and tell him that it is shameful to wet the bed, he will already understand, so he will gradually cooperate and develop the habit of going to the toilet. A 2-year-old child has begun to learn to infer the self-evaluation from the eyes and words of adults. If he is praised as "good!", he will immediately clap his hands proudly.

Therefore, the social development of young children comes from basic emotions, including identifying other people's emotions (external control) and then learning to adjust their own emotions (internal control).

Freud's developmental theory

1-3 years old infant. In Freud's theory of personality development, the anal stage.

They mainly get satisfaction from the stimulation and pleasure generated by urination and defecation. The training of hygiene habits is important for young children during this period. If the control is too strict, it may leave adverse effects. There are so-called anal personalities among adults, who behave in a cold, stubborn, rigid, and stingy manner, which may be the characteristics of the anal personality.

Erickson's developmental theory

Children in this period are developing their autonomy. If it develops well, they will be able to properly control external things, not push themselves or others too much, nor indulge themselves and act recklessly. If it does not develop well, children will always doubt their lack of autonomy, doubt whether they should rely on others, and become shy. Therefore, parents should not be too permissive or too strict, which is conducive to the formation of children's will.

Health goals and nutritional needs

The health goal is to achieve a balance in all aspects of development. Children aged 1-3 years old consume an average of 1355 calories and 47.4 grams of protein per day (accounting for 14% of total calories). The nutrient most likely to be deficient is iron.

Nutrition	Iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, vitamin E, folic acid, dietary fiber

health goals	Neurodevelopment, height growth, autonomy, social skills

Food	Cereals, milk and eggs, vegetables and fruits, red amaranth, spinach, bell pepper, wild bitter melon, Sichuan pepper, sweet potato leaves, sweet peas, sweet potatoes, brown rice