{"id":127728,"date":"2025-08-27T15:01:42","date_gmt":"2025-08-27T07:01:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/?p=127728"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:59:10","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T11:59:10","slug":"blog-%e4%b8%80%e6%97%a5%e4%b8%80%e7%95%aa%e8%8c%84-%e8%bc%95%e9%ac%86%e9%99%8d%e8%a1%80%e5%a3%93","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/blog-%e4%b8%80%e6%97%a5%e4%b8%80%e7%95%aa%e8%8c%84-%e8%bc%95%e9%ac%86%e9%99%8d%e8%a1%80%e5%a3%93","title":{"rendered":"A Comprehensive Analysis of Tomato Nutrition: How Lycopene is Absorbed, and the Relationship Between Potassium and Blood Pressure"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>Tomatoes are probably one of the most overlooked vegetables in Hong Kong kitchens: a dish of scrambled eggs with tomatoes, a jar of tomato paste, a tablespoon of tomato sauce\u2014they appear every day, yet few people stop to ask what they actually provide. Their fame mainly comes from lycopene\u2014a pigment that makes tomatoes red, and one of the few nutrients that is &quot;more easily absorbed when heated.&quot;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>But this very claim that &quot;heating is better&quot; has been simplified into a slogan, which has then spawned a series of dubious suggestions: you must use olive oil to stir-fry, raw tomatoes are a waste of money, lycopene supplements can replace eating tomatoes, and one tomato a day can stabilize blood pressure. These claims all have their sources, but they have all been stretched out.<\/p>\n<p>This article will first use five sets of experimental data to illustrate that &quot;tomatoes are not just numbers,&quot; then explain the true mechanism of lycopene absorption, then restore the two most often exaggerated clues\u2014prostate cancer and blood pressure\u2014to the original strength of the research, and finally give specific boundaries for people with kidney disease, acid reflux, and those taking medication.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Your situation<\/th>\n<th>suggestion<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>I want to eat more vegetables and control my weight.<\/td>\n<td>Yes, tomatoes are low in calories, high in water, and extremely low in sodium, making them a good choice for increasing portion sizes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Want to absorb more lycopene<\/td>\n<td>Use cooking methods such as boiling, frying, roasting, or tomato paste, and consume approximately 10 grams of fat in the same meal; olive oil is not necessarily the only option.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>High blood pressure, currently reducing salt intake<\/td>\n<td>Replacing high-sodium snacks and processed meats with fresh or unsalted tomatoes is more practical than simply &quot;eating more tomatoes&quot;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Traditionally seasoned with tomato sauce<\/td>\n<td>Be mindful of sugar and sodium: approximately 21 grams of sugar and 907 milligrams of sodium per 100 grams.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chronic kidney disease, high blood potassium<\/td>\n<td>The dosage must be determined by a doctor or registered dietitian based on blood potassium levels and stage of pregnancy; do not apply a fixed number of grams on your own.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Acid reflux, prone to heartburn<\/td>\n<td>Tomatoes are one of the most frequently cited trigger foods; you can reduce your intake for two weeks and observe the effects, rather than completely abstaining from them.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Currently taking blood thinning or blood pressure medication<\/td>\n<td>Before making drastic changes to your diet (such as drinking tomato juice every day), consult with your doctor or pharmacist.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<nav>\n<h2>Table of contents<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s1\">First, let&#039;s look at the numbers: What exactly does a tomato contain?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s2\">II. What is lycopene? It is a carotenoid that does not convert into vitamin A.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s3\">III. The Real Reasons for &quot;Cooking is More Beneficial&quot;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s4\">IV. How much oil and what type of oil: Replace the slogan with the quantities.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s5\">V. Lycopene and Prostate Cancer: Three Layers of Evidence Examined Separately<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s6\">VI. Other Cancers: Restoring &quot;Cancer Fighting&quot; to Dietary Patterns<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s7\">VII. Potassium and Blood Pressure: Local Data Tells a Different Story<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s8\">8. Sodium and sugar in tomato products<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s9\">9. Who should be careful: those with kidney disease, acid reflux, allergies, and medications.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s10\">10. How much to eat daily and how to prepare it?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s11\">XI. Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:58290\/static-html\/93a256c764680b90\/#s12\">XII. Sources of Information<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">First, let&#039;s look at the numbers: What exactly does a tomato contain?<\/h2>\n<p>There&#039;s an easily overlooked nutritional characteristic of tomatoes: fresh tomatoes are low in calories and carbohydrates, but once concentrated or flavored, the sodium and sugar content of the same type of tomato can differ by more than tenfold. The following five sets of figures are all from...<a href=\"https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central<\/a>The measured value per 100 grams.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>per 100 grams<\/th>\n<th>Calories (kcal)<\/th>\n<th>Potassium (mg)<\/th>\n<th>Sodium (mg)<\/th>\n<th>Lycopene (micrograms)<\/th>\n<th>Sugar (grams)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Raw tomatoes (red, ripe)<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>237<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>2,573<\/td>\n<td>2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Canned tomatoes (infused with tomato juice)<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>191<\/td>\n<td>115<\/td>\n<td>2,537<\/td>\n<td>2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tomato juice (with salt)<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>217<\/td>\n<td>253<\/td>\n<td>9,037<\/td>\n<td>2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tomato paste<\/td>\n<td>82<\/td>\n<td>1,014<\/td>\n<td>59<\/td>\n<td>28,764<\/td>\n<td>12.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ketchup<\/td>\n<td>101<\/td>\n<td>281<\/td>\n<td>907<\/td>\n<td>12,062<\/td>\n<td>21.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The first thing to clarify is<b>Potassium numbers<\/b>The commonly cited figure is &quot;217 mg of potassium per 100 grams of tomatoes,&quot; but this number is actually...<b>Salted canned tomato juice<\/b>This is not a fresh tomato. A raw tomato contains 237 mg; a medium-sized tomato (about 150 grams) provides about 355 mg, and 200 grams provides about 474 mg.<\/p>\n<p>The second one is<b>The &quot;per 100 grams&quot; trap of lycopene<\/b>The 28,764 micrograms of tomato paste appears to be eleven times that of a raw tomato, but this doesn&#039;t mean &quot;the same tomato becomes eleven times more when cooked.&quot; The water content of the tomato paste decreased from 94.51 TP4T to 73.51 TP4T, concentrating the dry matter by approximately 4.8 times. The remaining differences stem from the raw materials (highly ripe, peeled, and seeded, primarily consisting of pulp) and the processing methods used in different products. In other words, a larger number doesn&#039;t necessarily mean a corresponding increase in &quot;absorption rate&quot;\u2014what&#039;s concentrated is the content, not the body&#039;s absorption capacity.<\/p>\n<p>The third one is<b>Vitamin C<\/b>A raw tomato contains 13.7 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams, and a 150-gram tomato contains about 21 mg, which is considered &quot;contributing but not high&quot;\u2014the same weight of bell peppers or broccoli contains more. Some canned tomato juices claim to contain up to 70 mg of vitamin C, significantly higher than fresh tomatoes; when purchasing, check the ingredient list to see if ascorbic acid is listed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/product\/ax431\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/LycoSelen-30c-single-pack_700x.jpg\" alt=\"\u3010\u55ae\u4ef69\u6298\u3011aXimed \u2013 \u589e\u5f37\u7248\u524d\u5217\u5065 (\u5fb7\u570b\u5fae\u56ca\u8543\u8304\u7d05\u7d20+\u92c5+\u7852) 30\u7c92\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">[10% off single item] aXimed \u2013 Enhanced Prostate Health (German Microcapsule Lycopene + Zinc + Selenium) 30 Capsules<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">II. What is lycopene? It is a carotenoid that does not convert into vitamin A.<\/h2>\n<p>Lycopene belongs to the carotenoid family and is structurally similar to \u03b2-carotene, but...<b>It does not have vitamin A activity.<\/b>\u2014It does not convert into retinol in the body, nor does it participate in night vision. This is often confused: the orange-red parts of carrots and pumpkins can provide precursors to vitamin A, while the red parts of tomatoes do not.<\/p>\n<p>Its main role is as an antioxidant: in test tube and animal experiments, lycopene can scavenge singlet oxygen and inhibit lipid peroxidation. However, there are several hurdles between &quot;antioxidant effect in test tube&quot; and &quot;reducing the risk of a certain disease after consumption,&quot; such as absorption rate, tissue distribution, and metabolic cleavage. This is why the cancer and blood pressure chapters will explain these aspects in layers later.<\/p>\n<p>Lycopene is the carotenoid that most people consume most frequently, primarily from tomatoes and tomato products; it is also found in watermelons, pink grapefruits, papayas, and guavas, but in lower amounts and are usually consumed less often. The human body cannot synthesize it on its own and must obtain it from food.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/product\/jms049\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/JAM-LP-000-060_product_63241914_20210420163805_01_515.jpg\" alt=\"Jamieson - \u8543\u8304\u7d05\u7d20\u7cbe\u83ef 10\u6beb\u514b 60\u7c92\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamieson \u2013 Lycopene Extract 10mg 60 Capsules<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">III. The Real Reasons for &quot;Cooking is More Beneficial&quot;<\/h2>\n<p>The statement &quot;lycopene is better absorbed when cooked&quot; is correct in its direction, but the reasoning is often wrong. The common explanation is &quot;because lycopene is fat-soluble, heating will cause it to dissolve&quot;\u2014heating does not cause fat-soluble components to &quot;dissolve in water.&quot; There are actually three mechanisms.<\/p>\n<h3>I. The cell wall and crystals are opened<\/h3>\n<p>Lycopene in raw tomatoes is in the all-trans form.<i>trans<\/i>Lycopene crystals, formed in the form of chloroplasts within cells, are bound to the fibrous structure of the cell wall. The human digestive system struggles to release these crystals completely, resulting in low bioavailability of lycopene in raw tomatoes. Heating and mechanical processing (chopping, pulping, juicing, cooking) break down cell walls and dissociate the crystals, making it easier for lycopene to be encapsulated in lipid micelles in the intestines.<\/p>\n<p>This explains a seemingly contradictory phenomenon:<b>Lycopene in tomato paste and tomato juice is more easily absorbed than the same weight of raw tomatoes.<\/b>Even if the latter retains more of its &quot;original flavor and nutrition&quot;.<\/p>\n<h3>II. The difference between forward and reverse forms is not as important as you might think.<\/h3>\n<p>Processing will convert some all-trans lycopene to cis-lycopene.<i>cis<\/i>(Isomers). Early studies observed an increase in the proportion of cis in serum after drinking tomato juice, leading to the assumption that &quot;cis is more easily absorbed,&quot; a notion that persists to this day. However, later isotope labeling studies showed no significant difference in the absorption rates of cis and all-trans (the average absorption rate of purified lycopene in humans is approximately 241 TP4T, with different studies ranging from 171 TP4T to 291 TP4T); the increase in the serum cis proportion is mainly due to...<b>After absorption<\/b>This is due to isomerization in vivo.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Overheating will result in a negative score.<\/h3>\n<p>Lycopene is heat-resistant, but not resistant to prolonged high temperatures and oxidation. Air drying, repeated heating, and prolonged heat preservation will all cause it to oxidize and degrade, resulting in a brownish color and decreased content in the product. Therefore, &quot;heating&quot; is not a case of the more the better, but rather...<b>Destroy the matrix<\/b>Stir-frying for three to five minutes, or simmering it into a sauce, is enough; stir-frying the tomato paste over high heat for a long time until it turns brown is just a waste.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, be mindful of what to include: heating will cause vitamin C to be lost. Raw and cooked foods each have their own advantages, and there&#039;s no need to force a choice between the two\u2014half raw and half cooked in a meal is the easiest approach.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">IV. How much oil and what type of oil: Replace the slogan with the quantities.<\/h2>\n<p>&quot;Pair with olive oil&quot; is the most frequently cited suggestion, but research shows...<b>The total amount of fat is much more important than the type of fat.<\/b>The following human studies have quantified this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tomato salad provides 8.6 mg of lycopene, with 0.6 and 28 grams of canola oil:<b>A completely oil-free meal resulted in virtually undetectable lycopene in the post-meal chylomicrons.<\/b>And it exhibits a dose-response relationship.<\/li>\n<li>5 mg of lycopene with 3, 8, or 20 grams of fat: the 20-gram group has the best absorption, while there is little difference between 3 and 8 grams.<\/li>\n<li>40 mg lycopene with 12 g or 24 g avocado oil: both groups showed an increase of approximately 4.4 times compared to the fat-free control, with no difference between the two doses.<\/li>\n<li>Tomato soup with 20 ml of olive oil or sunflower oil:<b>Fatty acid composition does not affect<\/b>Plasma lycopene levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If it falls into the kitchen, you can keep two numbers:<b>Processed tomato products (tomato paste, tomato sauce, cooked tomatoes) require about 10 grams of fat; raw tomato salad requires about 15 grams.<\/b>That is, slightly more than one tablespoon of oil. 10 grams of fat can be half a tablespoon of oil, one egg, about 30 grams of cheese, or the fish served with the meal. In other words, the tomato and egg stir-fry itself already meets the requirements, so there is no need to drizzle an extra layer of olive oil.<\/p>\n<p>As for &quot;avoiding trans fats and excessive saturated fats,&quot; this point holds water: instead of worrying about which oil to use, avoid frying large amounts of butter or pouring ketchup over fried foods.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">V. Lycopene and Prostate Cancer: Three Layers of Evidence Examined Separately<\/h2>\n<p>The link between tomatoes and prostate cancer is the source of all claims about the &quot;benefits of tomatoes.&quot; This clue is real, but it&#039;s often cited as a much stronger conclusion. Breaking it down into three layers will make things much clearer.<\/p>\n<h3>First layer: Generational studies in the 1990s<\/h3>\n<p>The most frequently cited study is the prospective generational study published in 1995 by a team from the Harvard School of Public Health: 47,894 men followed from 1986 to 1992 (approximately six years), with 812 new cases of prostate cancer. The results showed that...<b>The combined weekly intake of tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato juice, and tortillas was more than 10 servings, compared to less than 1.5 servings per week, with a hazard ratio of 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.95).<\/b>The risk ratio for advanced (C and D stage) prostate cancer is 0.47 (0.22 to 1.00).<\/p>\n<p>In other words, this study observed that<b>Approximately 35%<\/b>The figure is not the commonly circulated 451 TP4T; the follow-up period is six years, not nine; the comparison group is &quot;less than 1.5 servings per week,&quot; not &quot;less than 2 servings per week.&quot; The claim that &quot;4 to 7 servings per week can reduce 201 TP4T&quot; cannot be found in the original paper. These differences may seem like details, but when a sentence is used to support the suggestion of &quot;how many tomatoes to eat every day,&quot; the numbers are wrong, and the recommendation is also wrong.<\/p>\n<h3>Second layer: Overall image of summary analysis<\/h3>\n<p>Subsequent meta-analyses combined the studies, yielding more conservative conclusions than single-generation studies, but still pointing in the same direction. A dose-response analysis including 30 studies, 24,222 cases, and 260,461 participants showed:<b>Those with higher total tomato intake had a risk ratio of 0.81 (0.71 to 0.92).<\/b>\uff1b<b>Cooked tomatoes and tomato sauce have a concentration of 0.84 (0.73 to 0.98).<\/b>\uff1b<b>The value for raw tomatoes was 0.96 (ranging from 0.84 to 1.09), which did not reach statistical significance.<\/b>However, raw tomatoes also show a dose-response trend.<\/p>\n<p>Another analysis, which included 24 studies and 15,099 cases, yielded an overall hazard ratio of 0.86 (ranging from 0.75 to 0.98), but after stratification...<b>The mean value was 0.76 in case-control studies and 0.96 (range 0.84 to 1.10) in generational studies.<\/b>Publication bias was detected. This suggests a possibility that the association is weaker in more rigorously designed generational studies.<\/p>\n<h3>Third level: Randomized controlled trials are still very rare.<\/h3>\n<p>Currently, randomized controlled trials on lycopene supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer are all small in scale. A 2011 Coochlan systematic review found only three trials with a total of 154 participants, two of which had a high risk of bias and were insufficient to support or refute the use of lycopene in this area, and there was no data on death or symptom outcomes.<\/p>\n<h3>How to read these three layers<\/h3>\n<p>Putting all three layers together, the safest conclusion is:<b>Eating more tomatoes (especially cooked tomato products) is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer, an association that is fairly consistent in observational studies, but the influence of overall dietary patterns cannot be ruled out; however, extracting lycopene and making it into capsules has not yet shown the same association.<\/b>This perfectly supports the &quot;food first&quot; approach\u2014tomatoes on the table contain fiber, vitamin C, potassium, and other carotenoids, while capsules contain only one of these ingredients.<\/p>\n<p>It&#039;s important to note that risk factors for prostate cancer include age, family history, and weight; diet is only one factor. Men over 50 who experience increased nighttime urination, difficulty urinating, weak urine stream, or hematuria should see a doctor as soon as possible and not substitute &quot;eating more tomatoes&quot; for proper examination.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">VI. Other Cancers: Restoring &quot;Cancer Fighting&quot; to Dietary Patterns<\/h2>\n<p>The claim that &quot;tomatoes can prevent multiple cancers&quot; usually cites the statement that &quot;eating more non-starchy vegetables can reduce the risk of oral cancer, throat cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer.&quot; This statement needs to be compared to the original text.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/research-policy\/evidence-for-our-recommendations\/wholegrains-veg-fruit-beans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research<\/a>In the 2018 expert report, the conclusion regarding non-starchy vegetables and fruits was worded as &quot;<b>possible<\/b>(Probably) Reduces the risk of respiratory and digestive tract cancers (mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus) and some other cancers, emphasizing that this is<b>Overall Dietary Pattern<\/b>The conclusion is based on the effects of a particular vegetable, not on the effects of any single vegetable; it also clearly states that &quot;no single food can prevent cancer.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Several points need correction: the original text uses &quot;possibly reduce&quot; instead of &quot;significantly reduce&quot;; the list should not be rigidly defined as six types\u2014for lung cancer, the more substantial evidence is...<b>fruit<\/b>Regarding colorectal cancer, the evidence is relatively clear.<b>Whole grains and dietary fiber<\/b>Neither of these should be attributed to tomatoes. As for specific tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer and bladder cancer, the existing data mostly comes from case-control studies and a small number of generational studies. These are early clues that are worth noting but are insufficient to support the claim that &quot;tomatoes can target certain types of tumors.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Another often overlooked fact: In 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewed cancer claims related to tomatoes and lycopene, and concluded that...<b>No credible evidence<\/b>Supporting labeling claims such as &quot;eating tomatoes or lycopene can reduce cancer risk&quot; requires very specific wording. This does not contradict the idea that &quot;eating more vegetables is beneficial&quot;\u2014the benefit lies in the overall dietary pattern, not in the promise of therapeutic effects from a single component.<\/p>\n<p>In everyday life, the value of tomatoes lies in their being a vegetable that&#039;s easy to eat in large quantities, low in calories and sodium, and provides potassium and vitamin C. Filling a meal with vegetables using tomatoes is far more practical than trying to figure out which type of cancer it can target.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">VII. Potassium and Blood Pressure: Local Data Tells a Different Story<\/h2>\n<p>Tomatoes contain potassium, and potassium is related to blood pressure\u2014both statements are correct; however, to extrapolate from &quot;tomatoes contain potassium&quot; to &quot;one tomato a day can stabilize blood pressure,&quot; the arithmetic in between needs to be done first.<\/p>\n<h3>Hong Kong people don&#039;t lack tomatoes, they lack potassium.<\/h3>\n<p>The Department of Health&#039;s 2020-2022 Population Health Survey showed that the prevalence of hypertension among people aged 15 to 84 was [missing data].\u00a0<b>29.5%<\/b>Of which approximately\u00a0<b>41%<\/b>\u00a0The patient was unaware of their high blood pressure before the physical examination. The same survey also found that...<b>90.9% respondents had potassium intake below the WHO recommendation (at least 3.5 grams per day).<\/b>83.9%&#039;s salt intake exceeded the daily limit of 5 grams.<\/p>\n<p>The WHO recommends that adults take a daily dose of [missing information].<b>At least 3,510 mg potassium<\/b>,daily<b>Less than 2,000 mg of sodium<\/b>The dietary reference intake in the United States is set at 4,700 mg. The commonly circulated figure of &quot;4,000 mg daily&quot; does not correspond to any official benchmark. This difference is important in practice:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>How much potassium do I need to consume to reach 3,510 mg?<\/th>\n<th>Servings<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Fresh tomatoes<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 1.5 kg (about 10 medium tomatoes)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tomato paste<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 350 grams (almost a whole can) \u2013 but this also means consuming a large amount of concentrated sugar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Spinach (cooked)<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 750 grams<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>banana<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 8 to 9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>It&#039;s unrealistic to rely on any single food source to supplement potassium, which is why the &quot;two plus three&quot; approach is recommended: two servings of fruit and three servings of vegetables daily to accumulate potassium from multiple sources. Tomatoes are one of the vegetables, but not the primary source of potassium.<\/p>\n<h3>Where does the evidence for blood pressure lie?<\/h3>\n<p>Research on using tomatoes as a means of lowering blood pressure has yielded more concentrated results than expected. A 2021 systematic review and network meta-analysis, including 11 randomized controlled trials and comparing six tomato-related products, found...<b>Only standardized tomato extract<\/b>It significantly reduced systolic blood pressure: the pooled mean difference was -5.89 mmHg (95% confidence interval -9.13 to -2.64); in the subgroup of patients who already had hypertension, systolic blood pressure was -8.09 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was -4.25 mmHg. As for...<b>Tomato-containing diets, other doses of extracts, lycopene-free products, and synthetic lycopene did not show a consistent and significant blood pressure-lowering effect.<\/b>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Regarding lycopene supplements, a 2013 meta-analysis of six trials showed that daily doses of more than 12 mg could lower systolic blood pressure by approximately 4.95 mmHg (\u22128.82 to \u22121.09), with the effect being more pronounced in Asians and those with baseline systolic blood pressure above 120 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure was not significantly affected. Another analysis in 2011 also observed a decrease in systolic blood pressure of approximately 5.6 mmHg, and at daily doses above 25 mg, a signal of approximately 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol was seen.<\/p>\n<p>These figures illustrate two things:<b>First, most effective studies use extracts or supplement dosages, not a few fresh tomatoes; second, the blood pressure reduction is at the &quot;auxiliary&quot; level, not the same level as drugs.<\/b>The truly effective approach from a dietary perspective is to incorporate tomatoes into a holistic approach like the DASH diet\u2014low in sodium, high in fruits and vegetables, low in dairy, and limited in saturated fat. The benefits of the DASH diet come from the entire combination, not just from potassium, and certainly not just from tomatoes.<\/p>\n<p>If blood pressure remains at 140\/90 mmHg or higher, you should see a doctor for evaluation and not replace your prescription with diet. If you are already taking antihypertensive medication, do not reduce your medication on your own just because you &quot;start eating more tomatoes&quot;.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">8. Sodium and sugar in tomato products<\/h2>\n<p>The same type of tomato, when made into different products, can have completely opposite effects on blood pressure. This is the most easily overlooked flaw in the claim that &quot;tomatoes protect the heart.&quot;<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Product (per 100 grams)<\/th>\n<th>\u9209<\/th>\n<th>\u7cd6<\/th>\n<th>Remark<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>raw tomatoes<\/td>\n<td>5 mg<\/td>\n<td>2.6 grams<\/td>\n<td>High in potassium and low in sodium, an ideal ratio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Canned tomatoes (infused with juice)<\/td>\n<td>115 mg<\/td>\n<td>2.6 grams<\/td>\n<td>Selecting the &quot;No Salt Added&quot; version can further reduce the salt content.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tomato juice (with salt)<\/td>\n<td>253 mg<\/td>\n<td>2.6 grams<\/td>\n<td>A 250 ml cup contains approximately 630 mg of sodium, which is close to one-third of the daily upper limit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tomato paste<\/td>\n<td>59 mg<\/td>\n<td>12.2 grams<\/td>\n<td>Low in sodium but high in sugar, so it is usually used in smaller quantities.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ketchup<\/td>\n<td>907 mg<\/td>\n<td>21.3 grams<\/td>\n<td>One tablespoon (about 17 grams) contains approximately 154 milligrams of sodium and 3.6 grams of sugar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The practical choice is clear:<b>To supplement potassium and reduce sodium, use fresh tomatoes or unsalted canned tomatoes; for a richer flavor without added sodium, use tomato paste; use tomato sauce in small amounts as a seasoning, not as a vegetable portion.<\/b>Many Hong Kong families&#039; &quot;tomato juice&quot; is actually a concentrated juice with added salt, and one cup contains the equivalent of a meal&#039;s sodium ration.<\/p>\n<p>For diabetes, raw tomatoes contain only 3.9 grams of carbohydrates per 100 grams, which has little impact on blood sugar and can be safely included in vegetable portions. It is important to note that tomato juice and sweet tomato sauce contain 21 grams of sugar per weight, which are sources of free sugars.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">9. Who should be careful: those with kidney disease, acid reflux, allergies, and medications.<\/h2>\n<h3>Chronic kidney disease and high blood potassium<\/h3>\n<p>Tomatoes contain 237 mg of potassium per 100 grams, which is a moderate level. It&#039;s lower than bananas (about 358 mg) but higher than melons. People with normal kidney function don&#039;t need to worry about this.<b>For patients with chronic kidney disease, the decision depends on their serum potassium level and stage.<\/b>The serving size should be set by a doctor or registered dietitian; it is not advisable to use fixed gram values circulating online.<\/p>\n<p>Several situations require special attention: those taking ACE inhibitors, ARBs (antihypertensive drugs), or potassium-sparing diuretics (such as spironolactone) may already have elevated blood potassium levels; those using &quot;low-sodium salt&quot; should also be cautious, as these products often replace some sodium chloride with potassium chloride, effectively providing additional potassium supplementation. If muscle weakness, palpitations, or arrhythmia occur, seek medical attention as soon as possible.<\/p>\n<h3>Acid reflux and stomach discomfort<\/h3>\n<p>The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in the United States...<b>acidic foods such as tomatoes<\/b>Tomatoes are listed as one of the foods often associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. It is also emphasized that the triggering foods vary from person to person and should be tested individually with the help of a doctor. In other words, people who have heartburn or nocturnal reflux can reduce their intake of tomatoes and tomato products for two weeks to observe, but they do not need to completely give them up just because &quot;tomatoes are acidic&quot;.<\/p>\n<h3>Allergies and oral reactions<\/h3>\n<p>Tomatoes are a common food allergen. Some people with pollen allergies may experience oral allergy syndrome: itchy lips and throat or slight swelling after eating raw tomatoes. Cooked tomatoes are usually more tolerable. If you experience difficulty breathing, hives all over your body, or a drop in blood pressure, it is a severe allergic reaction and you should seek medical attention immediately.<\/p>\n<h3>People taking medication<\/h3>\n<p>Tomatoes are low in vitamin K (approximately 7.9 micrograms per 100 grams), and the effect of typical consumption on warfarin (a blood thinner) is limited; however...<b>Significant and sustained changes in diet<\/b>(For example, drinking large amounts of tomato juice daily) should still be discussed with a doctor or pharmacist beforehand to adjust the monitoring frequency. Those taking antihypertensive medication should also be aware that increasing high-potassium foods and low-sodium salt intake simultaneously may cause blood potassium and blood pressure to drop too low.<\/p>\n<h3>Skin turning orange: Lycopeneemia<\/h3>\n<p>In some individuals, long-term consumption of large amounts of tomatoes or tomato juice can lead to a condition where the palms and soles turn orange-yellow, known as lycopenodermia. This is a benign phenomenon.<b>The whites of the eyes will not turn yellow<\/b>There were no other discomforts, and the symptoms gradually subsided after reducing intake. However, if the whites of the eyes also turn yellow, urine becomes dark, or there is accompanying fatigue and abdominal pain, then it is a different matter and you should seek medical attention as soon as possible.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">10. How much to eat daily and how to prepare it?<\/h2>\n<p>There is no single, mandatory daily serving of tomatoes. According to the Hong Kong Department of Health&#039;s &quot;two plus three&quot; rule...<b>A serving of vegetables is roughly equivalent to half a bowl of cooked vegetables, melons, or mushrooms.<\/b>(One bowl is about 240 ml), or about one bowl if eaten raw. Large tomatoes are counted as vegetables; cherry tomatoes are small and are generally calculated as fruit portions, one bowl is about one serving.<\/p>\n<p>One to two servings of tomatoes per day (about 150 to 300 grams) is an easy range for most adults to maintain without crowding out other vegetables. As for the &quot;more than 10 servings per week&quot; dosage mentioned in the study, it corresponds to the high-intake group in the observational study and is not a recommendation for everyone to follow\u201410 servings of tomatoes per week means that the variety of vegetables would become quite limited.<\/p>\n<h3>Several practical methods<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Tomato and Egg Stir-fry:<\/b>Oil and eggs provide enough fat, making it the easiest combination; no extra sugar is needed.<\/li>\n<li><b>Tomato paste can be used in soups or stews.<\/b>One tablespoon of tomato paste contains the same amount of lycopene as several tomatoes, and has less sodium than tomato juice, making it a suitable substitute for some seasoning.<\/li>\n<li><b>Roasted tomatoes:<\/b>Cut in half, sprinkle with a little salt and herbs, and bake at 200\u00b0C for 20 minutes to heat and render the fat simultaneously.<\/li>\n<li><b>Raw salad:<\/b>Add about 15 grams of fat (half a tablespoon of olive oil plus a few nuts), and leave the other lettuce to provide vitamin C.<\/li>\n<li><b>Tomato juice:<\/b>Choose the version with no added salt and no added sugar, and treat it as a flavored beverage rather than a serving of vegetables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Things that don&#039;t need to be done<\/h3>\n<p>There&#039;s no need to buy high-dose supplements for lycopene. Existing randomized controlled trials for prostate cancer are small and yield inconsistent results; moreover, there are cautionary tales about high-dose single-carotenoid supplements\u2014beta-carotene, in high-dose supplement trials, actually increased the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Obtaining a variety of carotenoids from food is a safer approach.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">XI. Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<h3>Should tomatoes be eaten raw or cooked?<\/h3>\n<p>Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Cooked foods (stir-fried, boiled, roasted, tomato paste) make lycopene easier to absorb; raw foods retain more vitamin C and are also easier to increase portion sizes. The most practical approach is to have half raw and half cooked foods in a meal, without having to choose one over the other.<\/p>\n<h3>Is it necessary to use olive oil?<\/h3>\n<p>No need. Studies show that the total amount of fat is more important than the type: there is no significant difference in plasma lycopene levels when tomato soup is served with olive oil or sunflower oil. Processed tomato products should have about 10 grams of fat, and raw tomato salad should have about 15 grams of fat. Eggs, meat, or cheese eaten in the same meal can also be included in the calculation.<\/p>\n<h3>Does eating raw tomatoes mean you&#039;ve wasted your time?<\/h3>\n<p>No. While the absorption rate of lycopene from raw tomatoes is lower, it is still absorbable and provides vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. Absorption is significantly improved if the meal contains a small amount of oil\u2014a completely oil-free meal will result in almost undetectable lycopene afterward.<\/p>\n<h3>Which should I choose: tomato paste, tomato juice, or ketchup?<\/h3>\n<p>Based on intended use: If you want to supplement lycopene and potassium while controlling sodium intake, choose tomato paste; if you want to drink it, choose unsalted tomato juice; ketchup is high in sugar and sodium, so it&#039;s only suitable for small amounts of seasoning and not as a vegetable serving. For canned tomatoes, check the label for &quot;unsalted&quot;.<\/p>\n<h3>How many tomatoes should I eat every day?<\/h3>\n<p>There is no officially recommended amount of tomatoes. Following the &quot;two plus three&quot; rule, one to two servings (about 150 to 300 grams) per day is reasonable. The key is to have enough vegetables for five servings in total, with a variety of types, rather than eating a certain number of tomatoes.<\/p>\n<h3>Do I need to take lycopene supplements?<\/h3>\n<p>Most people don&#039;t need it. Lycopene supplements have some positive effects on blood pressure (more than 12 mg daily can lower systolic blood pressure by about 5 mmHg), but randomized controlled trials for prostate cancer are small and the results are inconsistent. To increase intake, using tomato paste or cooked tomatoes is more direct and also provides fiber and other nutrients.<\/p>\n<h3>Is there really a link between tomatoes and prostate cancer?<\/h3>\n<p>Observational studies have consistently shown that higher tomato intake (especially cooked tomatoes and tomato sauce) is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer, with a hazard ratio of approximately 0.81 to 0.84; however, stratified results from generational studies are weaker, and the influence of overall dietary patterns cannot be ruled out. Men over 50 years of age experiencing urinary symptoms should consult a doctor and not rely on diet as a substitute.<\/p>\n<h3>Does eating more tomatoes help people with high blood pressure?<\/h3>\n<p>It can be part of the DASH diet, but don&#039;t expect it to replace medication. Studies show that the significant blood pressure-lowering effect mainly comes from standardized tomato extract (systolic blood pressure approximately \u22125.9 mmHg), while a daily diet containing tomatoes has not shown consistent effects. What&#039;s truly effective is overall sodium reduction, eating more fruits and vegetables, and controlling weight.<\/p>\n<h3>Can people with kidney disease eat tomatoes?<\/h3>\n<p>It depends on blood potassium levels and the stage of the disease; there is no one-size-fits-all answer. Tomatoes contain 237 mg of potassium per 100 grams, which is a moderate level. Those who are already restricting their potassium intake should have their portion sizes determined by a doctor or registered dietitian, and should be aware that &quot;low-sodium&quot; salts contain potassium, as well as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and potassium-sparing diuretics can raise blood potassium levels.<\/p>\n<h3>Will eating tomatoes make your skin orange?<\/h3>\n<p>Large, prolonged intake can lead to a condition known as lycopeneemia. It is characterized by orange-yellow palms and soles, but the whites of the eyes remain normal, with no other discomfort. The condition usually subsides after reducing intake. If the whites of the eyes also turn yellow, or if accompanied by abdominal pain and fatigue, seek medical attention immediately.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s12\">XII. Sources of Information<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>USDA FoodData Central:<a href=\"https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nutritional information on tomatoes and tomato products<\/a>(Food codes 170457, 170051, 170458, 170459, 168556)<\/li>\n<li>Department of Health:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/gia\/general\/202304\/26\/P2023042600372p.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2020-22 Population Health Survey Report (Part Two)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Department of Health&#039;s &quot;Living a Healthy New Direction&quot;:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.change4health.gov.hk\/tc\/whats_new\/ncd_watch\/20250513.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Non-communicable diseases in focus: Key facts and preventative measures for hypertension<\/a><\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/31-01-2013-who-issues-new-guidance-on-dietary-salt-and-potassium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adults should consume at least 3,510 mg of potassium and less than 2,000 mg of sodium daily.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sodium-reduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sodium reduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li>World Cancer Research Fund:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/research-policy\/evidence-for-our-recommendations\/wholegrains-veg-fruit-beans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evidence linking vegetables and fruits to cancer risk<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Giovannucci E et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7473833\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carotenoids and Vitamin A Intake and the Risk of Prostate Cancer (J Natl Cancer Inst 1995)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rowles JL et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29317772\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dose-response analysis of processed and raw tomato intake and prostate cancer risk<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Xu X et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27841367\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A systematic review of tomato intake and prostate cancer risk<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ilic D et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22071840\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lycopene is used for prostate cancer prevention (Cochrane 2011).<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kavanaugh, CJ, et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17623802\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FDA review of cancer claims related to tomatoes and lycopene<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rattanavipanon W et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33676812\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A network meta-analysis of the effects of tomatoes and lycopene products on blood pressure<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Li X, Xu J:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24051501\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Summary analysis of lycopene supplementation and blood pressure<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Arballo J et al.:<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7996133\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion of lycopene<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIAD)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/digestive-diseases\/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults\/eating-diet-nutrition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dietary recommendations for gastroesophageal reflux disease<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Case report:<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35938228\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange-yellow skin caused by lycopeneemia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Further Reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/blog-%e7%95%aa%e8%8c%84%e4%b8%8d%e6%ad%a2%e7%be%8e%e5%91%b3-%e8%8c%84%e7%b4%85%e7%b4%a0%e5%b0%8d%e8%82%9d%e8%87%9f%e5%a5%bd%e8%99%95%e5%a4%9a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tomatoes are more than just delicious: the benefits of lycopene for the liver.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/%e6%b8%9b%e8%82%a5%e6%8e%a7%e5%88%b6%e8%a1%80%e7%b3%96%ef%bc%8c%e5%a4%a7%e5%b0%8f%e7%95%aa%e8%8c%84%e4%bd%a0%e5%90%83%e5%b0%8d%e4%ba%86%e5%97%8e%ef%bc%9f\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Are you eating tomatoes of different sizes correctly to lose weight and control blood sugar?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/blog-%e8%a5%bf%e7%93%9c%e6%b6%88%e6%9a%91%e9%99%8d%e8%a1%80%e5%a3%93%ef%bc%8c%e4%bd%867%e9%a1%9e%e4%ba%ba%e6%87%89%e8%ac%b9%e6%85%8e%e9%a3%9f%e7%94%a8\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nutritional value, cooling properties, and food safety of watermelon<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/blog-%e9%ab%98%e8%a1%80%e5%a3%93%e7%9a%84%e8%ba%ab%e9%ab%94%e4%bf%a1%e8%99%9f\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Body signals of high blood pressure<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gogoherbs.com\/en\/blog-%e7%87%9f%e9%a4%8a%e5%b8%ab%e7%a7%81%e5%ae%b6%e5%8d%97%e7%93%9c%e8%8f%9c%e5%96%ae%ef%bc%8c%e9%80%99%e6%a8%a3%e5%90%83%e5%a5%bd%e5%91%b3%e5%8f%88%e5%81%a5%e5%ba%b7\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Comprehensive Nutritional Analysis of Pumpkin: Calories, Variety Differences, and How to Eat Pumpkin for Diabetes and Kidney Disease<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Health Declaration:<\/b>This article is a compilation of nutritional information and does not constitute medical advice, nor can it replace a doctor&#039;s diagnosis and prescription. Patients with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or other chronic illnesses should consult their attending physician or registered dietitian before adjusting their diet. Those currently taking medications (especially blood thinners, antihypertensives, and potassium-sparing diuretics) should also consult their doctor or pharmacist before changing their dietary habits. If you experience chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, severe allergic reactions, or vomiting blood, seek medical attention immediately; in emergencies, call 999.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u756a\u8304\u5927\u6982\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u5eda\u623f\u88e1\u6700\u4e0d\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u852c\u83dc\uff1a\u4e00\u789f\u756a\u8304\u7092\u86cb\u3001\u4e00\u7f50\u756a\u8304\u818f\u3001\u4e00\u6e6f\u5319\u8304\u6c41\uff0c\u5929\u5929\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u537b\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u505c\u4e0b\u4f86\u554f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":127729,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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